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Table 1 Changes in mRNA expression levels of metabolism-related genes in HepG2-tet-off-hPPAR cells by ligands. Microarray analyses were performed on HepG2-tet-off-hPPAR cells; the cells were cultured in the presence (Dox) or absence of Dox for 5 days. In the absence of Dox, the cells were treated with PPAR ligands (100 μM fenofibric acid for PPARα (Feno), 100 nM GW501516 for PPARδ (GW) or 10 μM ciglitizone for PPARγ (Cig)) or vehicle (DMSO) for 24 h. Gene expression profiles were compared between DMSO and Dox (DMSO versus Dox), ligands and Dox (Feno versus Dox, GW versus Dox, and Cig versus Dox were indicated in the case of PPARα, PPARδ and PPARγ, respectively) or ligands and DMSO (Feno versus DMSO, GW versus DMSO, and Cig versus DMSO were indicated in the case of PPARα, PPARδ and PPARγ, respectively). Samples were analysed using GeneChip® software Microarray Suite (MAS) Ver.5.0 (Affymetrix).

From: Gene expression profiling of potential peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) target genes in human hepatoblastoma cell lines inducibly expressing different PPAR isoforms

Gene Genbank accession No. PPARα PPARδ PPARγ1 PPARγ2
   Fold change Fold change Fold change Fold change
   DMSO vs. Dox Feno vs. Dox Feno vs. DMSO DMSO vs. Dox GW vs. Dox GW vs. DMSO DMSO vs. Dox Cig vs. Dox Cig vs. DMSO DMSO vs. Dox Cig vs. Dox Cig vs. DMSO
Fatty acid metabolism              
acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 1 NM_001995 1.84 3.49 1.90 0.82 1.72 2.09 0.88 2.30 2.60 0.82 1.00 1.23
carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (liver) NM_001876 1.48 2.86 1.93 0.37 2.05 5.60 0.74 1.35 1.83 1.12 1.24 1.10
solute carrier family 25 (carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase), member 20 NM_000387 1.20 2.23 1.85 0.91 1.36 1.50 0.83 0.93 1.12 1.04 1.27 1.22
acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, very long chain NM_000018 2.16 3.46 1.60 0.92 2.69 2.93 1.36 1.97 1.45 1.55 2.33 1.50
acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, C-4 to C-12 straight chain NM_000016 1.62 2.52 1.56 0.64 2.03 3.16 1.24 1.48 1.20 1.40 1.80 1.29
hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-Coenzyme A thiolase/enoyl-Coenzyme A hydratase (trifunctional protein), alpha subunit NM_000182 1.48 2.43 1.65 0.89 1.49 1.66 1.34 1.62 1.21 1.41 2.29 1.62
hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-Coenzyme A thiolase/enoyl-Coenzyme A hydratase (trifunctional protein), beta subunit NM_000183 1.74 2.66 1.53 0.95 1.30 1.36 1.17 1.49 1.27 1.14 1.62 1.42
acetyl-Coenzyme A acyltransferase 2 (mitochondrial 3-oxoacyl-Coenzyme A thiolase) NM_006111 1.58 1.92 1.21 1.06 1.63 1.53 0.89 1.31 1.47 1.18 2.44 2.06
acetyl-Coenzyme A acyltransferase 1 (peroxisomal 3-oxoacyl-Coenzyme A thiolase) NM_001607 1.42 1.62 1.14 0.68 1.47 2.15 1.22 2.07 1.70 1.42 2.01 1.41
enoyl Coenzyme A hydratase 1, peroxisomal NM_001398 2.28 2.61 1.15 0.99 2.05 2.07 1.16 1.46 1.26 1.44 1.98 1.38
Antioxidant              
catalase NM_001752 1.51 2.36 1.56 0.68 1.45 2.13 1.06 1.54 1.45 1.69 2.59 1.53
vanin 1 NM_004666 5.07 12.92 2.55 0.68 1.91 2.80 2.42 6.02 2.49 1.77 5.70 3.23
Ketogenesis              
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A synthase 2 (mitochondrial) NM_005518 32.40 156.62 4.83 1.13 2.51 2.22 2.14 6.57 3.07 2.20 6.53 2.96
Transport/strage              
fatty acid binding protein 1, liver NM_001443 1.39 2.08 1.50 0.18 1.33 7.57 2.73 6.52 2.39 3.52 10.44 2.96
adipose differentiation-related protein NM_001122 1.96 3.44 1.75 0.22 2.90 13.02 3.33 6.06 1.82 3.40 5.73 1.68
C-terminal linking and modulating protein/PDZ domain containing 1 NM_002614 2.16 3.02 1.40 0.52 2.85 5.45 1.03 2.42 2.34 1.98 3.21 1.62
lipase, hepatic NM_000236 8.34 10.39 1.25 0.72 2.89 4.00 1.08 2.47 2.28 1.64 3.99 2.44
Gluconeogenesis              
aquaporin 3 NM_004925 3.00 5.86 1.95 0.26 1.91 7.38 1.58 3.41 2.16 1.38 3.09 2.24
glycerol kinase NM_000167 0.87 1.57 1.79 0.73 0.79 1.08 1.00 1.21 1.21 1.84 3.17 1.73
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (soluble) NM_002591 6.39 17.90 2.80 0.83 4.64 5.56 6.94 29.19 4.20 34.46 110.78 3.21
Metabolism              
angiopoietin-like protein 4 NM_016109 1.71 17.97 10.54 3.00 25.67 8.56 1.24 7.27 5.84 3.88 33.56 8.66
heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 NM_002133 1.25 2.21 1.77 0.66 1.25 1.90 1.31 2.20 1.68 2.18 4.20 1.93
biliverdin reductase B (flavin reductase (NADPH)) NM_000713 1.07 1.65 1.55 0.84 0.86 1.03 0.87 1.58 1.81 1.36 4.03 2.97
sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 2A, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) -preferring, member 1 NM_003167 2.61 2.86 1.10 0.70 2.08 2.98 0.95 1.76 1.85 1.71 1.68 0.98
abhydrolase domain containing 3 NM_138340 1.68 3.51 2.08 0.54 2.16 3.96 1.76 3.30 1.88 2.01 3.99 1.99